5 Korean Grammar Mistakes English Speakers Often Makeπ
μμ΄κΆ νμλ€μ΄ κ°μ₯ λ§μ΄ νλ¦¬κ³ λ°°μλ μκΎΈ μ€μνλ κ°μ₯ λμ μμμ λ¬Έλ²λ€μ μ λ¦¬ν΄ λ³΄μμ΄μ.
Korean has many grammar points that English-speaking learners find confusing, even after studying them for a long time.
Some grammar rules may seem simple at first, but they continue to cause mistakes when learners try to use Korean in real situations.
In this post, I’ve gathered five Korean grammar points that English speakers most commonly struggle with.
These are not mistakes that mean you are “bad at Korean.”
They are simply areas where Korean works very differently from English.
1) μ/λ vs μ΄/κ°
πTopic vs Subject
In Korean, μ/λ and μ΄/κ° are often translated as “(topic/subject) markers,” but the real difference is how they organize information.
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μ/λ introduces or highlights the topic—what the speaker wants to talk about. It often implies contrast (“as for…” / “in comparison…”), general statements, or background information.
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μ΄/κ° marks the subject—the specific person/thing that performs an action or is being identified. It often feels more focused, new, or important in that moment.
A useful way to think about it:
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μ/λ = “About X…” (topic framing)
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μ΄/κ° = “It is X that…” (focus/identification)
νκ΅μ΄μ μ/λκ³Ό μ΄/κ°λ λ λ€ “~κ°/μ”μΌλ‘ λ²μλμ§λ§, μ€μ λ‘λ μ 보λ₯Ό μ΄λ»κ² λ°°μΉνλλμ μ°¨μ΄κ° ν½λλ€.
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μ/λμ λ¬Έμ₯μ **νμ (μ£Όμ )**λ₯Ό μΈμ°κ³ , λμ²΄λ‘ λμ‘°(λΉκ΅), μΌλ°μ μΈ μ€λͺ , λ°°κ²½ μ μμ λ§μ΄ μ°μ λλ€. “~μ λν΄μλ” λλμ΄ μμ΅λλ€.
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μ΄/κ°λ λ¬Έμ₯μ **μ£Όμ΄(νλ/μνμ μ€μ¬)**λ₯Ό νμνλ©°, κ·Έ μκ° νΉμ λμμ μ΄μ μ λ± μ°λ λλμ΄ κ°ν©λλ€. μ μ λ³΄λ “λ°λ‘ κ·Έκ²μ΄” λΌλ μλ³ μλ―Έκ° λ€μ΄κ°κΈ° μ½μ΅λλ€.
μ 리νλ©΄:
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μ/λ = “Xμ λν΄μ λ§νμλ©΄…”
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μ΄/κ° = “Xκ° λ°λ‘ …μ΄λ€/νλ€” (μ΄μ , μλ³)
Examples
- μ΄ μ»€νΌλ μ’ μ¨μ. As for this coffee, it’s a little bitter.
- A: λκ° μμ΄μ? B: λ―Όμ§κ° μμ΄μ. A: Who is the person that came? B: (It was) Minji.
- μ€λ λ μ¨κ° μΆμ΄λ°, μμΈμ λ μΆμμ. The weather is cold today, but Seoul is even colder.
2) μλ€ / μλ€
πExistence and Possession
In Korean, μλ€ covers both:
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existence (“There is… / It exists”)
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possession (“I have…”)
Korean does not use a separate verb like English “have.” Instead, it uses:
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[Noun]μ΄/κ° μμ΄μ = “There is [noun]”
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[Person]μκ² [Noun]μ΄/κ° μμ΄μ (often shortened) = “(Someone) has [noun]”
You’ll also hear it used for “availability” or “being in a place”:
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“I’m here.” → μ¬κΈ° μμ΄μ.
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“The store is open.” (exist/operate) → κ°κ² μ΄λ € μμ΄μ / κ°κ² μμ΄μ(λ§₯λ½ λ°λΌ)
νκ΅μ΄μ μλ€λ μμ΄μ²λΌ νλμ μλ―Έκ° μλλΌ, ν¬κ² λ κ°μ§λ‘ μ°μ
λλ€.
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μ‘΄μ¬: “무μΈκ°κ° μλ€(μ‘΄μ¬νλ€)”
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μμ : “무μΈκ°λ₯Ό κ°μ§κ³ μλ€”
μμ΄μ “have”μ²λΌ μμ μ μ© λμ¬κ° μμ΄μ, μλ€λ‘ μμ λ₯Ό ννν©λλ€.
λν “μ΄λκ°μ μλ€(μμΉ)”λ “κ°λ₯/μ¬μ κ° μλ€(μκ°μ΄ μλ€)”μ²λΌ νμ₯ μλ―Έλ λ§€μ° νν©λλ€.
ν΅μ¬ ν¨ν΄:
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[λͺ μ¬]μ΄/κ° μμ΄μ = μ‘΄μ¬/μμ /κ°λ₯ (λ§₯λ½μΌλ‘ κ²°μ )
Examples
- μ°λ¦¬ μ§ κ·Όμ²μ νΈμμ μ΄ μμ΄μ. There is a convenience store near my house.
2. μ€λ μκ° μμ΄μ? Do you have time today?
- μ§κΈ μ¬κΆμ΄ μμ΄μ. I don’t have my passport right now.
3) κ³Ό/μ vs νκ³
πFormal vs Casual
Both κ³Ό/μ and νκ³ mean “and,” but they differ in tone and usage.
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κ³Ό/μ is more formal and appears more often in writing, announcements, reports, or “neat” speech.
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νκ³ is more conversational and widely used in daily spoken Korean.
A common learner mistake is forcing κ³Ό/μ in casual conversation, which can sound stiff.
Also note: in writing, λ° is another formal “and,” but νκ³ is the safest choice for everyday speech.
κ³Ό/μμ νκ³ λ λͺ¨λ “~μ/κ³Ό, κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ ”μ μλ―Έμ§λ§, λ§ν¬μ κ²°μ΄ λ€λ¦
λλ€.
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κ³Ό/μ: λΉκ΅μ 격μ, λ¬Έμ΄μ²΄, μλ΄λ¬Έ/λ³΄κ³ μ/μκ° κΈμμ μμ£Ό λ±μ₯
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νκ³ : ꡬμ΄μ²΄, μΌμ λνμμ κ°μ₯ μμ°μ€λ¬μ΄ μ°κ²°
μΌμ λνμμλ νκ³ κ° ν¨μ¬ νΈνκ³ μμ°μ€λ½μ΅λλ€.
Examples
- μΉκ΅¬νκ³ μ¬λμνκ³ κ°μ΄ κ°μ΄μ. I went with my friend and my sister.
2. λ³Έ μ νμ νμ§κ³Ό μμ κΈ°μ€μ ν¬ν¨ν©λλ€. This product includes quality and safety standards. (formal tone)
3. νΌμνκ³ νμ€ν λ¨Ήκ³ μΆμ΄μ. I want to eat pizza and pasta.
4) -μ/μ΄μ vs -κ³
πCause/Reason vs Simple Connection
This is one of the most important connectors to master.
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-μ/μ΄μ often means “because/so,” showing a reason or cause.
It answers “Why?”
Example: “I was tired, so I went home.” -
-κ³ simply connects actions or statements in sequence, like “and then / and.”
It does not automatically mean “because.”
Learners sometimes overuse -μ/μ΄μ when they only want to list actions. That can accidentally add a “reason” meaning and make the sentence sound odd.
-μ/μ΄μμ -κ³ λ λ λ€ λ¬Έμ₯μ μ΄μ΄ μ£Όμ§λ§ μλ―Έκ° λ€λ¦
λλ€.
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-μ/μ΄μ: μ΄μ /μμΈ → κ²°κ³Ό (μ?μ λ΅ν¨)
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-κ³ : λ¨μ λμ΄/μ°κ²° (κ·Έλ₯ “κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ ”)
λμ΄νκ³ μΆμλ° -μ/μ΄μλ₯Ό μ°λ©΄, λ¬Έμ₯μ “μμΈ” λμμ€κ° λΆμ΄μ μ΄μν΄μ§ μ μμ΅λλ€
Examples
- νΌκ³€ν΄μ μΌμ° μ§μ κ°μ΄μ. I was tired, so I went home early.
- μΈμνκ³ μ΄λ₯Ό λ¦μμ΄μ. I washed my face and brushed my teeth. (just sequence)
- λΉκ° μμ λ°μ μ λκ°μ΄μ. It rained, so I didn’t go out.
5) μ + Verb vs λͺ» + Verb
πChoice/Intention vs Inability/Situation
This pair is crucial because it changes the speaker’s intention.
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μ + verb = “did not” by choice (I didn’t do it / I chose not to)
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λͺ» + verb = “could not” due to inability or circumstances (I wasn’t able to)
Even when the outcome is the same, the meaning differs:
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“I didn’t go” (μ κ°μ΄μ) can imply choice.
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“I couldn’t go” (λͺ» κ°μ΄μ) implies a reason (busy, sick, blocked, etc.).
In polite conversation, λͺ» can feel softer because it avoids sounding unwilling.
μκ³Ό λͺ»μ κ²°κ³Όλ κ°μ 보μ¬λ, μλκ° λ¬λΌμ§λλ€.
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μ + λμ¬: ‘μ νλ€’ = μμ§/μ νμ λμμ€
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λͺ» + λμ¬: ‘λͺ» νλ€’ = λ₯λ ₯ λΆμ‘±/μν© λλ¬Έμ λΆκ°λ₯μ λμμ€
μ¦,
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μ κ°μ΄μ: (κ·Έλ₯) μ κ° / μ κ°κΈ°λ‘ ν¨
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λͺ» κ°μ΄μ: λͺ» κ°λ μ¬μ μ΄ μμμ
λνμμλ λͺ»μ΄ λ μ곑νκ² λ€λ¦΄ λκ° λ§μ΅λλ€.
Examples
- μμΉ¨ μ λ¨Ήμμ΄μ. I didn’t eat breakfast. (I chose not to / just didn’t)
- λ°λΉ μ μμΉ¨ λͺ» λ¨Ήμμ΄μ. I couldn’t eat breakfast because I was in a hurry.
- μ°λ½ μ νμ΄μ. I didn’t call you. (choice/neglect)
μ°λ½ λͺ» νμ΄μ. I couldn’t call you. (no chance/conditions)
In future posts, I’ll take a closer look at each grammar point and explain them one by one with examples.
For now, take a moment to read through this list and gently ask yourself:
Which of these grammar points do I find the most difficult?
There’s no need to rush.
Noticing your own patterns is already an important step in learning Korean!
