5 Korean Grammar Mistakes English Speakers Often MakeπŸ“Œ

 

μ˜μ–΄κΆŒ ν™”μžλ“€μ΄ κ°€μž₯ 많이 틀리고 λ°°μ›Œλ„ 자꾸 μ‹€μˆ˜ν•˜λŠ” κ°€μž₯ 높은 μˆœμœ„μ˜ 문법듀을 정리해 λ³΄μ•˜μ–΄μš”.

Korean has many grammar points that English-speaking learners find confusing, even after studying them for a long time.
Some grammar rules may seem simple at first, but they continue to cause mistakes when learners try to use Korean in real situations.

In this post, I’ve gathered five Korean grammar points that English speakers most commonly struggle with.
These are not mistakes that mean you are “bad at Korean.”
They are simply areas where Korean works very differently from English.





1) 은/λŠ” vs 이/κ°€

πŸ“ŒTopic vs Subject


In Korean, 은/λŠ” and 이/κ°€ are often translated as “(topic/subject) markers,” but the real difference is how they organize information.

  • 은/λŠ” introduces or highlights the topic—what the speaker wants to talk about. It often implies contrast (“as for…” / “in comparison…”), general statements, or background information.

  • 이/κ°€ marks the subject—the specific person/thing that performs an action or is being identified. It often feels more focused, new, or important in that moment.

A useful way to think about it:

  • 은/λŠ” = “About X…” (topic framing)

  • 이/κ°€ = “It is X that…” (focus/identification)


ν•œκ΅­μ–΄μ˜ 은/λŠ”κ³Ό 이/κ°€λŠ” λ‘˜ λ‹€ “~κ°€/은”으둜 λ²ˆμ—­λ˜μ§€λ§Œ, μ‹€μ œλ‘œλŠ” 정보λ₯Ό μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ°°μΉ˜ν•˜λŠλƒμ˜ 차이가 ν½λ‹ˆλ‹€.

  • 은/λŠ”μ€ λ¬Έμž₯의 **ν™”μ œ(주제)**λ₯Ό μ„Έμš°κ³ , λŒ€μ²΄λ‘œ λŒ€μ‘°(비ꡐ), 일반적인 μ„€λͺ…, λ°°κ²½ μ œμ‹œμ— 많이 μ“°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. “~에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œλŠ”” λŠλ‚Œμ΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.

  • 이/κ°€λŠ” λ¬Έμž₯의 **μ£Όμ–΄(행동/μƒνƒœμ˜ 쀑심)**λ₯Ό ν‘œμ‹œν•˜λ©°, κ·Έ μˆœκ°„ νŠΉμ • λŒ€μƒμ— μ΄ˆμ μ„ λ”± μ°λŠ” λŠλ‚Œμ΄ κ°•ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μƒˆ μ •λ³΄λ‚˜ “λ°”λ‘œ 그것이” λΌλŠ” 식별 μ˜λ―Έκ°€ λ“€μ–΄κ°€κΈ° μ‰½μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.

μ •λ¦¬ν•˜λ©΄:

  • 은/λŠ” = “X에 λŒ€ν•΄μ„œ λ§ν•˜μžλ©΄…”

  • 이/κ°€ = “Xκ°€ λ°”λ‘œ …이닀/ν•œλ‹€” (초점, 식별)


Examples 

  1. 이 μ»€ν”ΌλŠ” μ’€ μ¨μš”.  As for this coffee, it’s a little bitter.
  1. A: λˆ„κ°€ μ™”μ–΄μš”? B: λ―Όμ§€κ°€ μ™”μ–΄μš”. A: Who is the person that came? B: (It was) Minji.
  1. 였늘 날씨가 μΆ”μš΄λ°, μ„œμšΈμ€ 더 μΆ”μ›Œμš”. The weather is cold today, but Seoul is even colder.




2) μžˆλ‹€ / μ—†λ‹€

πŸ“ŒExistence and Possession


In Korean, μžˆλ‹€ covers both:

  • existence (“There is… / It exists”)

  • possession (“I have…”)

Korean does not use a separate verb like English “have.” Instead, it uses:

  • [Noun]이/κ°€ μžˆμ–΄μš” = “There is [noun]”

  • [Person]μ—κ²Œ [Noun]이/κ°€ μžˆμ–΄μš” (often shortened) = “(Someone) has [noun]”

You’ll also hear it used for “availability” or “being in a place”:

  • “I’m here.” → μ—¬κΈ° μžˆμ–΄μš”.

  • “The store is open.” (exist/operate) → κ°€κ²Œ μ—΄λ € μžˆμ–΄μš” / κ°€κ²Œ μžˆμ–΄μš”(λ§₯락 따라)


ν•œκ΅­μ–΄μ˜ μžˆλ‹€λŠ” μ˜μ–΄μ²˜λŸΌ ν•˜λ‚˜μ˜ μ˜λ―Έκ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ, 크게 두 κ°€μ§€λ‘œ μ“°μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.

  1. 쑴재: “무언가가 μžˆλ‹€(μ‘΄μž¬ν•œλ‹€)”

  2. μ†Œμœ : “무언가λ₯Ό κ°€μ§€κ³  μžˆλ‹€”

μ˜μ–΄μ˜ “have”처럼 μ†Œμœ  μ „μš© 동사가 μ—†μ–΄μ„œ, μžˆλ‹€λ‘œ μ†Œμœ λ₯Ό ν‘œν˜„ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
λ˜ν•œ “μ–΄λ”˜κ°€μ— μžˆλ‹€(μœ„μΉ˜)”λ‚˜ “κ°€λŠ₯/μ—¬μœ κ°€ μžˆλ‹€(μ‹œκ°„μ΄ μžˆλ‹€)”처럼 ν™•μž₯ μ˜λ―Έλ„ 맀우 ν”ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

핡심 νŒ¨ν„΄:

  • [λͺ…사]이/κ°€ μžˆμ–΄μš” = 쑴재/μ†Œμœ /κ°€λŠ₯ (λ§₯락으둜 κ²°μ •)


Examples 

  1. 우리 μ§‘ κ·Όμ²˜μ— 편의점이 μžˆμ–΄μš”.  There is a convenience store near my house.

     2. 였늘 μ‹œκ°„ μžˆμ–΄μš”? Do you have time today?

  1. μ§€κΈˆ μ—¬κΆŒμ΄ μ—†μ–΄μš”.  I don’t have my passport right now.




3) κ³Ό/와 vs ν•˜κ³ 

πŸ“ŒFormal vs Casual


Both κ³Ό/와 and ν•˜κ³  mean “and,” but they differ in tone and usage.

  • κ³Ό/와 is more formal and appears more often in writing, announcements, reports, or “neat” speech.

  • ν•˜κ³  is more conversational and widely used in daily spoken Korean.

A common learner mistake is forcing κ³Ό/와 in casual conversation, which can sound stiff.

Also note: in writing, 및 is another formal “and,” but ν•˜κ³  is the safest choice for everyday speech.


κ³Ό/와와 ν•˜κ³ λŠ” λͺ¨λ‘ “~와/κ³Ό, 그리고”의 μ˜λ―Έμ§€λ§Œ, 말투의 결이 λ‹€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.

  • κ³Ό/와: 비ꡐ적 격식, 문어체, μ•ˆλ‚΄λ¬Έ/λ³΄κ³ μ„œ/μ†Œκ°œ κΈ€μ—μ„œ 자주 λ“±μž₯

  • ν•˜κ³ : ꡬ어체, 일상 λŒ€ν™”μ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ μžμ—°μŠ€λŸ¬μš΄ μ—°κ²°

일상 λŒ€ν™”μ—μ„œλŠ” ν•˜κ³ κ°€ 훨씬 νŽΈν•˜κ³  μžμ—°μŠ€λŸ½μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.


Examples 

  1. μΉœκ΅¬ν•˜κ³  μ—¬λ™μƒν•˜κ³  같이 κ°”μ–΄μš”. I went with my friend and my sister.

    2. λ³Έ μ œν’ˆμ€ ν’ˆμ§ˆκ³Ό μ•ˆμ „ 기쀀을 ν¬ν•¨ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. This product includes quality and safety standards. (formal tone)

    3. ν”Όμžν•˜κ³  νŒŒμŠ€νƒ€ λ¨Ήκ³  μ‹Άμ–΄μš”. I want to eat pizza and pasta.




4) -μ•„/μ–΄μ„œ vs -κ³ 

πŸ“ŒCause/Reason vs Simple Connection


This is one of the most important connectors to master.

  • -μ•„/μ–΄μ„œ often means “because/so,” showing a reason or cause.
    It answers “Why?”
    Example: “I was tired, so I went home.”

  • -κ³  simply connects actions or statements in sequence, like “and then / and.”
    It does not automatically mean “because.”

Learners sometimes overuse -μ•„/μ–΄μ„œ when they only want to list actions. That can accidentally add a “reason” meaning and make the sentence sound odd.


-μ•„/μ–΄μ„œμ™€ -κ³ λŠ” λ‘˜ λ‹€ λ¬Έμž₯을 이어 μ£Όμ§€λ§Œ μ˜λ―Έκ°€ λ‹€λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.

  • -μ•„/μ–΄μ„œ: 이유/원인 → κ²°κ³Ό (μ™œ?에 닡함)

  • -κ³ : λ‹¨μˆœ λ‚˜μ—΄/μ—°κ²° (κ·Έλƒ₯ “그리고”)

λ‚˜μ—΄ν•˜κ³  싢은데 -μ•„/μ–΄μ„œλ₯Ό μ“°λ©΄, λ¬Έμž₯에 “원인” λ‰˜μ•™μŠ€κ°€ λΆ™μ–΄μ„œ μ–΄μƒ‰ν•΄μ§ˆ 수 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€


Examples 

  1.  ν”Όκ³€ν•΄μ„œ 일찍 집에 κ°”μ–΄μš”. I was tired, so I went home early.
  1. μ„Έμˆ˜ν•˜κ³  이λ₯Ό λ‹¦μ•˜μ–΄μš”. I washed my face and brushed my teeth. (just sequence)
  1. λΉ„κ°€ μ™€μ„œ 밖에 μ•ˆ λ‚˜κ°”μ–΄μš”. It rained, so I didn’t go out.




5) μ•ˆ + Verb vs λͺ» + Verb

πŸ“ŒChoice/Intention vs Inability/Situation


This pair is crucial because it changes the speaker’s intention.

  • μ•ˆ + verb = “did not” by choice (I didn’t do it / I chose not to)

  • λͺ» + verb = “could not” due to inability or circumstances (I wasn’t able to)

Even when the outcome is the same, the meaning differs:

  • “I didn’t go” (μ•ˆ κ°”μ–΄μš”) can imply choice.

  • “I couldn’t go” (λͺ» κ°”μ–΄μš”) implies a reason (busy, sick, blocked, etc.).

In polite conversation, λͺ» can feel softer because it avoids sounding unwilling.



μ•ˆκ³Ό λͺ»μ€ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” κ°™μ•„ 보여도, μ˜λ„κ°€ λ‹¬λΌμ§‘λ‹ˆλ‹€.

  • μ•ˆ + 동사: ‘μ•ˆ ν–ˆλ‹€’ = μ˜μ§€/μ„ νƒμ˜ λ‰˜μ•™μŠ€

  • λͺ» + 동사: ‘λͺ» ν–ˆλ‹€’ = λŠ₯λ ₯ λΆ€μ‘±/상황 λ•Œλ¬Έμ— λΆˆκ°€λŠ₯의 λ‰˜μ•™μŠ€

즉,

  • μ•ˆ κ°”μ–΄μš”: (κ·Έλƒ₯) μ•ˆ 감 / μ•ˆ κ°€κΈ°λ‘œ 함

  • λͺ» κ°”μ–΄μš”: λͺ» κ°€λŠ” 사정이 μžˆμ—ˆμŒ

λŒ€ν™”μ—μ„œλŠ” λͺ»μ΄ 더 μ™„κ³‘ν•˜κ²Œ 듀릴 λ•Œκ°€ λ§ŽμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.


Examples


  1.  μ•„μΉ¨ μ•ˆ λ¨Ήμ—ˆμ–΄μš”. I didn’t eat breakfast. (I chose not to / just didn’t) 
  1.  λ°”λΉ μ„œ μ•„μΉ¨ λͺ» λ¨Ήμ—ˆμ–΄μš”.  I couldn’t eat breakfast because I was in a hurry.
  1. 연락 μ•ˆ ν–ˆμ–΄μš”. I didn’t call you. (choice/neglect)

        연락 λͺ» ν–ˆμ–΄μš”. I couldn’t call you. (no chance/conditions)



In future posts, I’ll take a closer look at each grammar point and explain them one by one with examples.
For now, take a moment to read through this list and gently ask yourself:

Which of these grammar points do I find the most difficult?

There’s no need to rush.
Noticing your own patterns is already an important step in learning Korean!




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